Effects of body size on male mating tactics and paternity in black bears, Ursus americanus

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Determinants of male reproductive success in American black bears (2009, background): “Sperm competition is assumed to be an important determinant in reproductive success of male bears (Kovach and Powell 2003; Zedrosser et al. 2007).”
Macronutrient optimization and energy maximization determine diets of brown bears (2014, methodology): “We used mass gain as a fitness indicator because body mass and fatness are determinants of bear survival through hibernation, female reproductive success, and male dominance (Kovach and Powell 2003; Robbins et al. 2012a).”
Seasonal migrations of black bears (Ursus americanus): causes and consequences (2011, background): “Males that increase growth in the fall may enhance the likelihood of siring cubs the following spring (Kovach and Powell 2003; Costello et al. 2009).”
Maternal condition determines birth date and growth of newborn bear cubs (2012, background): “Such differences during growth of young bears may have long-term, population-level consequences in that most successful reproduction may be by energetically efficient, large males and fat females and their offspring (Dahle et al. 2006; Kovach and Powell 2003; McLellan 2011).”