Generalized crack initiation and crack damage stress thresholds of brittle rock masses near underground excavations

By Ming Cai, P. Kaiser, Y. Tasaka, T. Maejima, H. Morioka, M. Minami. 2004

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Crack Coalescence in Molded Gypsum and Carrara Marble: Part 1. Macroscopic Observations and Interpretation (2009, methodology): “Successful applications of this model include the modeling of borehole breakout (e.g. Lee & Haimson, 1993), surface spalling and breakage associated with tunnel instability (Germanovich & Dyskin, 2000, Cai et al., 2004, Mitaim & Detournay, 2004).”
Estimation of Crack Initiation and Propagation Thresholds of Confined Brittle Coal Specimens Based on Energy Dissipation Theory (2017, background): “Stressinduced instabilities are closely related to rock damage evolution, such as microcracking or crack initiation, propagation, fracturing, and coalescing (Cai et al. 2004; Fan et al. 2016).”
Dynamic response of rock mass induced by the transient release of in-situ stress (2012, background): “(EDZ) [1–2,4–7], mechanical properties of rock mass in the EDZ [8–15], site inspection and evaluation of EDZ [16–19], etc.”
A Comparative Evaluation of Stress–Strain and Acoustic Emission Methods for Quantitative Damage Assessments of Brittle Rock (2015, background): “Martin (1997) reported crack initiation threshold values of 0.3 * 0.4 rc. Cai et al. (2004) suggested that the general range of the crack initiation threshold is 0.3 * 0.5 rc.”