Production, oxygen respiration rates, and sinking velocity of copepod fecal pellets: Direct measurements of ballasting by opal and calcite

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Variable food absorption by Antarctic krill: Relationships between diet, egestion rate and the composition and sinking rates of their fecal pellets (2012, background): “, 1992; Besiktepe and Dam, 2002), and may represent the ballasting effect of silicified diatoms (Ploug et al., 2008; Iversen and Ploug, 2010).”
Atomic force microscopy reveals microscale networks and possible symbioses among pelagic marine bacteria (2009, background): “Ballast materials, e.g. opal, calcite, and terrestrial dust, are often seen in marine snow, and they are important in accelerating export flux (Ploug et al. 2008).”
Zooplankton and the Ocean Carbon Cycle. (2017, background): “Ballast provided by calcite and opal significantly increased the sinking speed of fecal pellets produced by copepods fed coccolithophorid and diatom diets, respectively, over the sinking speed of pellets from copepods fed nanoflagellates (Ploug et al. 2008).”