Energy issues in desalination processes.

By R. Semiat. Environmental Science and Technology, 2008

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How researchers see this paper

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New hydrogel materials for improving solar water evaporation, desalination and wastewater treatment: A review (2020, background): “very widespread due to large productions and low energy consumptions compared with other technologies [21].”
Carbon nanotube membranes for water purification: A bright future in water desalination (2014, background): “4 kWh/m(3) electricity for sea water desalination [20,70].”
Recent advances in polymer and polymer composite membranes for reverse and forward osmosis processes (2016, background): “[16-18] It is well known that a high operating pressure is required in RO, varying from 45 bar to even above 80 bar based on feed salinity, in order to overcome”
Emerging desalination technologies for water treatment: a critical review. (2015, background): “Forward osmosis (FO), a process that has been recognized as a practical commercial process since the 1930's (Semiat, 2008) and has been investigated for a wide range of applications to desalinate water.”
Towards efficient use of water resources in Europe (2012, background): “As has been widely discussed (Elimelech and Philippe, 2011; Semiat, 2008; Lattemann and Höpner, 2008), desalination plants have significant energy needs.”