GADGET: a code for collisionless and gasdynamical cosmological simulations

By V. Springel, Naoki Yoshida, Simon D. M. White. 2000

1,366 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Abstract We describe the newly written code GADGET which is suitable both for cosmological simulations of structure formation and for the simulation of interacting galaxies. GADGET evolves self-gravitating collisionless fluids with the traditional N-body approach, and a collisional gas by smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Along with the serial version of the code, we discuss a parallel version that has been designed to run on massively parallel supercomputers with distributed memory. While both versions use a tree algorithm to compute gravitational forces, the serial version of GADGET can optionally employ the special-purpose hardware GRAPE instead of the tree. Periodic boundary conditions are supported by means of an Ewald summation technique. The code uses individual and adaptive timesteps for all particles, and it combines this with a scheme for dynamic tree updates. Due to its Lagrangian nature, GADGET thus allows a very large dynamic range to be bridged, both in space and time. So far, GADGET has been successfully used to run simulations with up to 7.5×107 particles, including cosmological studies of large-scale structure formation, high-resolution simulations of the formation of clusters of galaxies, as well as workstation-sized problems of interacting galaxies. In this study, we detail the numerical algorithms employed, and show various tests of the code. We publicly release both the serial and the massively parallel version of the code.

Subfields: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation

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Citations in the corpus

The optical morphologies of galaxies in the IllustrisTNG simulation: a comparison to Pan-STARRS observations (2018, methodology): “…particle hydrodynamics (SPH) spline kernel (Monaghan & Lattanzio 1985; Hernquist & Katz 1989; Monaghan 1992) redefined over the interval [0, hsml] (Springel et al. 2001a), where hsml is some appropriately chosen smoothing length: W (r, hsml) = 2νσ hνsml 1− 6q2 + 6q3 if 0 6 q 6 1 2 , 2(1− q)3…”
The importance of tides for the Local Group dwarf spheroidals (2005, methodology): “The initial conditions were evolved using a version of the GADGET N-body code (Springel et al. 2001) modified to include a fixed potential to model the host galaxy. c© 0000 RAS, MNRAS 000, 000–000 A wide range of code tests were performed using different softening criteria, force resolution and…”
The first stars: formation of binaries and small multiple systems (2009, methodology): “We carry out our investigation using Gadget, a widely-tested three dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code (Springel et al. 2001; Springel & Hernquist 2002).”
Chemical enrichment of galaxy clusters from hydrodynamical simulations (2007, methodology): “Our simulations were based on a version of the TREE−PM+SPM GADGET-2 code (Springel et al. 2001; Springel 2005), which includes a detailed treatment of the production of metals from different stellar populations.”
Structure finding in cosmological simulations: the state of affairs (2013, background): “…of halo finders: one can use the tracking results to adjust the halo catalogues and remove spurious identification and/or recover missing objects (Springel et al. 2001b; Gill et al. 2004a; Tormen et al. 2004; Giocoli et al. 2008, 2010; Tweed et al. 2009; Behroozi et al. 2013a; Benson et al.…”
The relation between velocity dispersion and mass in simulated clusters of galaxies: dependence on the tracer and the baryonic physics (2013, methodology): “The SUBFIND algorithm (Springel et al. 2001; Dolag et al. 2009) is used to identify the main halo, whose centre corresponds to the position of the most bound DM particle, and substructures within each FoF group.”
The Influence of Baryons on the Clustering of Matter and Weak-Lensing Surveys (2005, methodology): “BARYONIC EFFECT ON THE CLUSTERING OF COSMIC MATTER We use the GADGET2 code (Springel et al. 2001; Springel 2005) to simulate structure formation in a concordance cosmological model.”
Gravitational N-Body Simulations (2003, methodology): “A recent investigation [Milosavljević & Merritt, 2001] employed the parallel version of the GADGET code [Springel et al., 2001] to study the formation process.”
Constraints on neutrino masses from Lyman-alpha forest power spectrum with BOSS and XQ-100 (2017, methodology): “The simulations are run using a parallel tree smoothed particle hydrodynamics (treeSPH) code Gadget-3, an updated version of the public code Gadget-2 [33, 34].”
WHAT DOES A SUBMILLIMETER GALAXY SELECTION ACTUALLY SELECT? THE DEPENDENCE OF SUBMILLIMETER FLUX DENSITY ON STAR FORMATION RATE AND DUST MASS (2010, methodology): “This combination of Gadget-2 and Sunrise has been successfully shown to reproduce the SEDs/colors of local SINGS (Kennicutt et al. 2003; Dale et al. 2007) galaxies (Jonsson et al. 2010); local ULIRGs (Younger et al. 2009a); massive, quiescent, compact z ∼ 2 galaxies (Wuyts et al. 2009, 2010); 24 μm ”
The importance of mergers for the origin of intracluster stars in cosmological simulations of galaxy clusters (2007, methodology): “Following Springel et al. (2001a), we call structures that can be identified only at one output redshift volatile, and do not consider them further.”