POLICE SUSPICION AND DISCRETIONARY DECISION MAKING DURING CITIZEN STOPS

By G. Alpert, J. Macdonald, R. Dunham. 2005

241 citations recorded by the source corpus.

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Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior (2012, background): “Some researchers have noted the importance of considering behavioral and nonbehavioral cues on officer behavior (e.g., Alpert et al., 2005; M. R. Smith, Makarios, & Alpert, 2006), and research by Johnson (2006, 2007) explained that behavioral actions that create suspicion vary across race.”
An Analysis of the New York City Police Department's “Stop-and-Frisk” Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias (2007, background): “Alpert, MacDonald, and Dunham (2005) found that police are more likely to view a minority citizen as suspicious—leading to a police stop—based on nonbehavioral cues, while more often relying on behavioral cues to develop suspicion for white citizens.”
The usual suspects: police stop and search practices in Canada (2011, result): “Overall, the results of this study are consistent with survey results produced in the United States and Great Britain (see Bowling and Phillips 2002, Engel and Canlon 2004, Alpert et al. 2005, Skogan 2006, Weitzer et al. 2008, Bradford et al. 2009).”