Buckling force chains in dense granular assemblies: physical and numerical experiments

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Fabric and Effective Stress Distribution in Internally Unstable Soils (2014, background): “This is because although effective stress is transferred by highly stressed particles in strong force chains, these strong force chains are prevented from collapsing due to lateral support from weaker forces, as shown by Tordesillas et al. (2009) and illustrated schematically in Figure 7(b).”
Statistical properties of a 2D granular material subjected to cyclic shear (2009, background): “More recent studies confirm this, but additionallyfoundthatrotationalmotionsdominateduringslipevents inside the shear band [ 12 ,24,25].”