Undercut and overhang angle control in topology optimization: A density gradient based integral approach

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Current and future trends in topology optimization for additive manufacturing (2018, methodology): “Recently, Qian [45] used the density gradients to check the undercuts and overhangs and applied Heaviside projection to form a global constraint.”
Deep Generative Modeling for Mechanistic-based Learning and Design of Metamaterial Systems (2020, methodology): “Therefore, we aggregate the elemental constraints into a single global constraint through Heaviside projection [52, 53], transforming the original optimization problem into:”
Homogenization-based stiffness optimization and projection of 2D coated structures with orthotropic infill (2019, background): “Examples are geometric constraints to restrict the overhang angle (Langelaar, 2017; Qian, 2017; Gaynor and Guest, 2016; Allaire et al., 2017), and methods to restrict the length-scale of the design as well as to make them robust against manufacturing variations, see (Lazarov et al.”