Innovation And Spatial Externalities

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Local Embeddedness and Rural Entrepreneurship: Case-Study Evidence from Cumbria, England (2006, background): “This `new learning' perceives individual ventures as structural elements of territorially defined networks, whereby emphasis is placed on the interaction between firms and the local milieu (Audretsch, 2003).”
The territorial dynamics of innovation: a Europe-United States Comparative Analysis (2007, methodology): “ISSN 1468-2702 12 unit of observation, we adopt a geographical unit (NUTS regions for the EU and MSAs for the US) similar to that of Audretsch (2003), Audretsch and Feldman (1996), Feldman (1994), Fritsch (2002), and Varga (1998).”
Proximity to knowledge sources and the location of knowledge-based start-ups (2010, background): “…of literature have looked at spatial differences in the distribution of production and innovation, generally concluding that these are due to increasing returns (or agglomeration externalities) associated with a variety of sources (Baptista, 1998; Audretsch, 2003; Audretsch and Feldman, 2004).”
In-migrant entrepreneurship in rural England: beyond local embeddedness (2006, background): “Thus, proximity (geographical, industrial, organizational and institutional) is perceived to be instrumental in facilitating the emergence of shared patterns of behaviour, which in turn underpin collective learning processes (Kirat and Lung 1999 , Anselin 2003 , Audretsch 2003 ).”