The Bile Acid Receptor FXR Is a Modulator of Intestinal Innate Immunity1

By P. Vavassori, A. Mencarelli, B. Renga, E. Distrutti, S. Fiorucci. Journal of Immunology, 2009

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Bile Acid Signaling in Metabolic Disease and Drug Therapy (2014, background): “This section reviews bile acid signaling in inflammatory diseases of the digestive system including cholestatic liver diseases, IBDs, and fatty liver diseases as well as bile acid–based therapies.”
Understanding the Holobiont: How microbial metabolites affect human health and shape the immune system (2017, background): “Dietary tryptophan, for instance, is processed to several different indole derivatives, which can act as ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in host cells (Wikoff et al., 2009).”
Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (2011, background): “19 Thus, immune cell modulation by FXR activation may be responsible for the improvement in intestinal inflammation.(11) Here, we have applied an integrated in vitro and in vivo approach to investigate the therapeutic potential of FXR agonists for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.”