Numerical simulation of the dynamic flow behavior in a bubble column : A study of closures for turbulence and interface forces

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Two-Phase Bubble Columns: A Comprehensive Review (2018, background): “The virtual mass force arises from the relative acceleration of an immersed moving object to its surrounding fluid; this force is often found to be negligible in bubble column simulations [421,428,437,439,449,460], and different studies have neglected it [420,430,440,441,446,450,458,461–469].”
Effect of interfacial forces and turbulence models on predicting flow pattern inside the bubble column (2014, methodology): “[21,25,29,31].”
Bubbly and Buoyant Particle–Laden Turbulent Flows (2020, background): “Bubble laden wall-layers are a common observation, and have been extensively explored experimentally (Kitagawa et al. 2004; So et al. 2002; van Sint Annaland et al. 2006; Zhang et al. 2006).”