Serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders: The relationship of delinquency career types to adult criminality

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In Between Adolescence and Adulthood (2005, background): “…high-rate offenders of all juveniles, but the factors related to their reoffending may be different from other serious and high-rate offenders who are not institutionalized or from general delinquent offender samples (or even comparing subgroups within each sample; see Kempf-Leonard et al., 2001).”
A Gender-Specific Pathway to Serious, Violent, and Chronic Offending? (2009, background): “For example, effective control for socioeconomic status at the neighborhood level has proved to reduce the effect of race on offending, thus indicating that race effects may, to a large degree, be omitted-variable bias (Kempf-Leonard et al., 2001).”
Long-Term Patterns of Offending in Women (2010, background): “Kempf-Leonard et al. (2001) also argue that a low base rate for girls and women may account for the “void” seen in studies of gender and serious or chronic career patterns (p. 455).”