Observations and modeling of lightning leaders

By P. Lalande, A. Bondiou-Clergerie, G. Bacchiega, I. Gallimberti. 2002

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The physics of lightning (2014, background): “, [161,200,208,209]], but are up to two orders of magnitude less than the peak currents (on average 1.”
Problems in lightning physics—the role of polarity asymmetry (2006, background): “It is interesting to note that during early (∼1996) video camera/ELF comparisons, a substantial fraction (5–10%) of all TLEs without corresponding NLDN-identified positive ground flashes was also tentatively identified as ‘elves’. In retrospect, some of these events could have been haloes instead an”
A simplified physical model to determine the lightning upward connecting leader inception (2006, methodology): “[18] computed a value of 65 C/m for based on the triggered lightning experiments.”
A self-consistent upward leader propagation model (2006, methodology): “relaxation time τvt is taken as 100 μs [22] and the value of the constant K is set in such a way that the value of qL computed with (5) is equal to 65 μC m−1 [29] when the leader velocity reaches 2 × 104 m s−1.”