The smile line of different ethnic groups in relation to age and gender

2002

Citations in the corpus

• Diagnosing Gender Bias in Image Recognition Systems (2020, background): “…who try to create metrics for what counts as a smile invariably find that age, race, gender, nationality, dental health, and more influence not only how people smile but also whether observers see a particular facial expression as a smile (Jensen, Joss, and Lang 1999; Liébart et al. 2004).”
• Smile Line and Periodontium Visibility (2004, methodology): “Jensen et al (1999) reported that about 70% of patients revealed more than 25% of their periodontium in their usual contact smile.”