Observation Sensitivity Calculations Using the Adjoint of the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) Analysis System

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The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) 4-dimensional variational data assimilation systems Part I - System overview and formulation (2011, background): “This has recently attracted considerable attention in meteorology for routine monitoring of observing systems (Langland and Baker, 2004; Cardinali et al., 2004; Zhu and Gelaro, 2008; Daescu, 2008).”
On the Sensitivity Equations of Four-Dimensional Variational (4D-Var) Data Assimilation (2008, methodology): “To obtain an estimate of the observation sensitivity that is consistent to the data assimilation process, Zhu and Gelaro (2008) implemented the adjoint of the minimization algorithm in the grid-point statistical interpolation analysis scheme (Wu et al. 2002).”
Adjoint sensitivity of the model forecast to data assimilation system error covariance parameters (2010, methodology): “Adjoint-DAS tools have been developed at major NWP centres and are currently used to monitor the impact of data provided by the global observing network in reducing short-range forecasts errors, to provide data quality diagnostics and guidance for optimal satellite channel selection, and to design o”