A mechanism for lagged North Atlantic climate response to solar variability

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The predictability of the extratropical stratosphere on monthly time‐scales and its impact on the skill of tropospheric forecasts (2015, background): “There is some limited evidence that the phase of the solar cycle gives rise to enhanced North Atlantic surface seasonal predictability, with a lag of 3–4 years which may involve coupling between the atmosphere and ocean (Gray et al., 2013; Scaife et al., 2013).”
Solar Forcing for CMIP6 (v3.1) (2016, background): “In addition, recent work suggests a lagged response in the North Atlantic and European sector due to atmosphere–ocean coupling (e.g., Gray et al., 2013; Scaife et al., 2013), as well as a synchronization of decadal variability in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) by the solar cycle (Thieblemont e”
A signal-to-noise paradox in climate science (2018, background): “In contrast, when taken as a whole, the reported responses to the 11-year solar cycle in current climate models appear to be weak and most model simulations show no clear lag.(68,70,74,76,77) Scaife et al.”
Causes of climate change over the historical record (2019, background): “…appears to be an increased likelihood of the negative phase of the NAO and increased North Atlantic/Eurasian blocking frequency (Lockwood et al 2010), linked with cold winters in Europe and warm ones in Greenland (e.g. Woollings et al 2010, Ineson et al 2011, Scaife et al 2013, Gray et al 2016).”