Quote-based competition and trade execution costs in NYSE-listed stocks

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Empirical evaluation of an automated intraday stock recommendation system incorporating both market data and textual news (2014, methodology): “After filtering out irregular data using the procedures described in [2], we calculated the momentary best bid and ask prices (also known as the NBBO—National Best Bid and Offer) over all reported exchanges.”
Competition for Order Flow and Smart Order Routing Systems (2008, unknown): “4 Some studies document the frequency of trade-through in equity markets (e.g. Bessembinder (2003) )”
Options and the Bubble (2006, unknown): “Following Bessembinder (2003) and others, we eliminate quotes associated with trading halts or designated order imbalances and we eliminate indicative quotes.”
Trading Your Neighbor's Etfs: Competition or Fragmentation? (2001, unknown): “As suggested by Bessembinder (2003), we make no adjustment to the reported trade times (all results are qualitatively identical when we assume a five-second delay in trade reporting).”