Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: How analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures §

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Sources of stress in captivity (2007, background): “…infant mortality in captivity and stereotypic locomotion in the form of pacing was found to correlate positively with species home range size in the wild (Clubb and Mason, 2003, 2007), suggesting that the impact of enclosure size on captive animals is a matter of natural history to some degree.”
To pace or not to pace? A review of what abnormal repetitive behavior tells us about zoo animal management (2017, background): “Seminal research has identified that larger more wide-ranging carnivore species spent increased time performing ARBs compared with smaller carnivores with more restrictive ranges (Clubb and Mason, 2003, 2007).”
Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour (2007, background): “At the species level, it would also be efficient to pro-actively target taxa known to be at risk, before they display problems, to try and pre-empt their emergence: e.g. apes over prosimians (see Section 2), and wide-ranging over 'stay-at-home' carnivores (see Clubb and Mason, 2007).”