Chemical Defenses of Marine Organisms Against Solar Radiation Exposure: UV-Absorbing Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids and Scytonemin

By D. Karentz. 2001

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Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the open ocean by zooplankton and the colonial cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. (2004, background): “These compounds are found in a wide range of marine organisms (including phytoplankton and zooplankton) and may provide photoprotection from, or minimize deleterious effects of UV radiation (Karentz et al. 1991, Bandaranayake 1998, Jeffrey et al. 1999, Karentz 2001, Shick & Dunlap 2002).”
Mycosporine-like amino acids and related Gadusols: biosynthesis, acumulation, and UV-protective functions in aquatic organisms. (2002, background): “MAAs were early discovered in the Rhodophyta, and it is here among the algae that they achieve their highest concentrations and greatest diversity (12, 51, 52) and where we know most about macroalgal UV photoacclimatization.”
EFFECTS OF UV RADIATION ON GROWTH AND PHLOROTANNINS IN FUCUS GARDNERI (PHAEOPHYCEAE) JUVENILES AND EMBRYOS 1 (2004, background): “…(Karentz et al. 1991, Karentz 1994, 2001, Sinha et al. 1998), scytonemin (Sinha et al. 1998, Franklin et al. 1999, Karsten et al. 1999, Häder 2001, Karentz 2001, Dillon et al. 2002,) and possibly phlorotannins (Pavia et al. 1997, Pavia and Brock 2000), that decrease UV damage while allowing the…”