Reproductive Success of Elk Following Disturbance by Humans during Calving Season

By Gregory E. Phillips. 2000

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Synthesis Human-caused Disturbance Stimuli as a Form of Predation Risk (2002, background): “For elk (Cervus elaphus) disturbed experimentally by people on foot, the ratio of young to mothers was inversely related to disturbance rate (Phillips and Alldredge 2000).”
Effects of hunting with hounds on a non-target species living on the edge of a protected area (2011, background): “…fitness costs when disturbance rates are either low or moderate, several empirical studies suggested that high disturbance rates could reduce their reproductive success and possibly impact on population dynamics (Harrington and Veitch, 1992; Phillips and Alldredge, 2002; Yarmoloy et al., 1988).”
Ungulate flight responses to human disturbance: a review and meta-analysis. (2008, background): “Human disturbances can be particularly detrimental during certain critical periods of an animal’s life or during the year when animals are in poor condition or more vulnerable to injury (e.g., pregnancy, calving, and fly season: Geist, 1971a,b; Kuss et al., 1990a; Phillips and Alldrege, 2000).”
The matter of spatial and temporal scales: a review of reindeer and caribou response to human activity (2008, result): “seems probable that avoidance behavior may negatively aVect productivity by increasing grazing competition and possibly predation risk, as studies on other species have documented (Phillips and Alldredge 2000; see review in Frid and Dill 2002).”