Sub-equilibrium oxygen-18 and carbon-13 levels in biological carbonates: carbonate and kinetic models

By T. McConnaughey. Coral reefs, 2003

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A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO 2 -induced ocean acidification (2011, background): “Corals are thought to accrete CaCO3 directly from a discrete calcifying fluid (e.g., Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003 and references therein; Al-Horani et al., 2003; Gaetani and Cohen, 2006; Cohen and Holcomb, 2009), with mineralization sites and crystal orientations being influenced by organic…”
Vital effects in coral skeletal composition display strict three‐dimensional control (2006, background): “…in the aragonite crystal structure [Allison et al., 2005], increases by 10–15% in the COC; from 9 mmol Sr/mol Ca in the fibrous part to a maximum concentration of about 10.4 mmol Sr/mol Ca in the COC, which is higher than expected for equilibrium with seawater [Cohen and McConnaughey, 2003].”
A biological origin for climate signals in corals—Trace element “vital effects” are ubiquitous in Scleractinian coral skeletons (2006, background): “…depletion of C and O heavy isotopes compared to seawater equilibrium [Adkins et al., 2003; Meibom et al., 2006], an observation attributed to rapid calcification from a high pH fluid [Adkins et al., 2003] or kinetic isotope fractionation associated with rapid precipitation [McConnaughey, 2003].”