Predicting residual thermal stresses in friction stir welded metals

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Recent advances in friction-stir welding : Process, weldment structure and properties (2008, unknown): “The role of plasticity during the friction stir welding process is known to be important in the calculation of residual stress; a large overestimation of the magnitudes of the residual stress [136] can result when this effect is ignored.”
A thermal model of friction stir welding in aluminum alloys (2008, background): “Early thermal models, such as that of Colgrove and Shercliff [9,10], did not account for the slip that occurs as the welding temperature approaches the solidus temperature of the alloy and as the interface between the tool and workpiece softens.”
A review of numerical analysis of friction stir welding (2014, methodology): “coupled FE model of the FSW process was used to study the residual stress caused by the thermal cycles during the FSW of metals [25].”
Analysis of transient temperature and residual thermal stresses in friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 via numerical simulation (2011, methodology): “Khandkar et al. [ 15 ] utilized a sequentially coupled thermomechanical finite element model to study the residual stresses in friction stir welds caused by thermal cycling during FSW process, which constitute the basis of the current research.”