Membrane lipid saturation activates endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response transducers through their transmembrane domains

By R. Volmer, K. van der Ploeg, D. Ron. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013

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Endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (2018, background): “Saturated fatty acid overload via palmitate or pharmacological inhibition of stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 increases XBP1 mRNA splicing 8- and 4-fold respectively, both in IRE1α WT and IRE1α luminal domain-deleted cells(99).”
Triglyceride metabolism in the liver (2017, neutral): “In mouse fibroblasts, PERK and IRE1 are responsive to increased lipid saturation even in the absence of their ER-spanning transmembrane domain (265).”
The integrated stress response: From mechanism to disease (2020, background): “PERK can also be activated by changes in lipid bilayer fluidity, bypassing the actuator function of its lumenal domain (35).”
Tumorigenic and Immunosuppressive Effects of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cancer (2017, positive): “Exogenous saturated lipids such as palmitate or loss of lipid desaturases like SCD1 perturbs ER membrane composition and can induce this activation mode (Volmer et al., 2013).”
Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to interventions and treatments (2022, background): “The transmembrane domains of IRE1ɑ and PERK may recognize the change in the unsaturated/ saturated acyl chain ratio of the ER membrane.(303) Upon ER stress, activated IRE1ɑ and PERK can stimulate proinflammatory and Aging and aging-related diseases: from molecular mechanisms to.”