Reporting and interpretation of randomized controlled trials with statistically nonsignificant results for primary outcomes.

By I. Boutron, S. Dutton, Philippe Ravaud, Douglas G. Altman. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 2010

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External validation of multivariable prediction models: a systematic review of methodological conduct and reporting (2014, background): “A clear distinction should also be made between estimating a model’s external performance done by the authors who developed the prediction model and done by independent investigators [16], thereby reducing inflated findings and spin [17,18].”
Randomised controlled trials and population-based observational research: partners in the evolution of medical evidence (2014, background): “…therapy is providing benefit to patients when there is no difference in the primary outcome measure as compared with the control arm and/or increased toxicity associated with the new treatment (Ohorodnyk et al, 2009; Boutron et al, 2010; Altwairgi et al, 2012; Vera-Badillo et al, 2013).”