Mechanisms for ENSO Phase Change in a Coupled GCM

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El Niño–mean state–seasonal cycle interactions in a multi-model ensemble (2006, background): “In addition to the key subsurface analysis, off-equatorial processes, which have been shown to play a central role in El Niño turn about (Chang 1996; Guilyardi et al. 2003; Vecchi and Harrison 2003; Spencer 2005; van Oldenborgh et al. 2005) should be assessed.”
Two Independent Triggers for the Indian Ocean Dipole/Zonal Mode in a Coupled GCM (2005, methodology): “Two types of triggers in the reference simulation A separation of the REF IOZM cases into two groups, those that occur with El Niño events (using the index described in Guilyardi et al. 2003) and the rest, reveals two mechanisms in boreal spring that can trigger an IOZM event.”
Role of Nonlinear Atmospheric Response to SST on the Asymmetric Transition Process of ENSO (2009, background): “A precursor to the ENSO phase transition is the buildup of heat content in the WP (Weisberg and Wang 1997; Guilyardi et al. 2003), which is attributed to WP wind changes (Wang et al. 1999).”
Representing El Niño in Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCMs: The Dominant Role of the Atmospheric Component (2004, background): “Second, several studies have suggested that the meridional extent of the atmospheric response to tropical SST anomalies can influence the frequency of El Niño (Schopf and Suarez 1990; Kirtman 1997; Guilyardi et al. 2003), with a broader meridional response of the wind generating forced Rossby waves ”