Giant ionospheric disturbances excited by the M9.3 Sumatra earthquake of 26 December 2004

By Jann‐Yenq Liu, Y. Tsai, S. W. Chen, Chien-Ping Lee, Y. Chen, H. Yen, W. Chang, Chien-Sheng Liu. 2006

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From Sumatra 2004 to Tohoku‐Oki 2011: The systematic GPS detection of the ionospheric signature induced by tsunamigenic earthquakes (2013, methodology): “[9] Two ionospheric anomalies in the plasma velocities were detected north of the epicenter by a Doppler sounding network in Taiwan [Liu et al., 2006a].”
Ionospheric gravity waves detected offshore Hawaii after tsunamis (2010, background): “[4] The giant Sumatran 2004 Mw 9.2 earthquake and the related tsunami was 20 times more energetic than the Peruvian one and exceptional ionospheric signals were recorded worldwide [Liu et al., 2006a, 2006b; DasGupta et al., 2006].”
Propagation of tsunami‐driven gravity waves into the thermosphere and ionosphere (2009, background): “GPS observations of ionospheric total electron content reveal TIDs of period 20 min [Liu et al., 2006].”
A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+ earthquakes during 2002-2010 (2011, unknown): “…of the critical frequency of the F2 layer (foF2) and/or total electron content (TEC) in the vicinity of an epicenter within some days prior to the main shock [e.g., Pulinets, 1998; Pulinets et al., 2003, 2007; Zhao et al., 2008, 2010; Liu et al., 2001, 2004, 2006a, 2009; Zakharenkova et al., 2007].”