Raman spectrum of graphene and graphene layers.

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Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Graphene (2010, background): “Evolution of the 2D peak width with increased layer count of graphene or, at high resolution, its splitting into some Lorentzian components (see Figure 13) can be explained in the framework of the double-resonant Raman model (52, 64, 99).”
Efficient and large-scale synthesis of few-layered graphene using an arc-discharge method and conductivity studies of the resulting films (2010, background): “The G band corresponds to the zone-center E2g mode related to phonon vibrations in sp2 carbon domains [30].”
Enhanced thermal conductivity in polymer composites with aligned graphene nanosheets (2014, background): “The D band corresponds to the first-order scattering of the E2g mode (defects or disorder), and the G band is attributed to the inplane A1g zone-edge mode (graphite structure) [37].”