Viscoelastic contraction flows: comparison of axisymmetric and planar configurations

By S. Nigen, K. Walters. 2002

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Benchmark solutions for the flow of Oldroyd-B and PTT fluids in planar contractions (2003, methodology): “It is also true that experimentalists are at pain to measure accurate values for the loss coefficient, as illustrated by the recent work of Nigen and Walters [21], to which we shall come later when discussing pressure losses for the PTT model.”
The inertio-elastic planar entry flow of low-viscosity elastic fluids in micro-fabricated geometries (2005, background): “Diverging flow at highest Re and Wi. Qualitative agreement with Evans and Walters aqueous PAA in planar contractions.”
Numerical Methods for Viscoelastic Fluid Flows (2021, background): “…contraction ratios have also been studied experimentally and numerically (e.g., Evans & Walters 1986, Alves et al. 2004), and the axisymmetric geometry has also been investigated in several works (e.g., McKinley et al. 1991, Nigen & Walters 2002, Oliveira et al. 2007, López-Aguilar et al. 2016).”