THE OBSERVER EFFECT IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: Evidence from a Natural Experiment

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Elections, Fraud, and Election Monitoring in the Shadow of Revolution (2012, result): “While monitoring does not increase the chances of deposing unpopular incumbents, it does lower the amount of fraud committed in equilibrium, consistent with the empirical findings in Hyde (2007).”
D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation (2009, background): “…Brown 2001; Foeken and Dietz 2000; and Geisler 1993+ However, international election monitors have many salutary effects; see Hyde 2006, chap+ 7; Hyde 2007; and McCoy, Garber, and Pastor 1991+ 7+ Downie 2000, 44+ 8+ Sikkink 2002, 314+ In this analysis, I label both nongovernmental and…”
Institutional Corruption and Election Fraud: Evidence from a Field Experiment in Afghanistan† (2015, methodology): “Last, our experiment relates to the growing body of experimental and quasi-experimental assessments of initiatives to improve elections ( Aker, Collier, and Vicente 2013; Fujiwara 2013; Hyde 2007; Ichino and Schündeln 2012 .”
Deliver the Vote! Micromotives and Macrobehavior in Electoral Fraud (2016, background): “8 For instance, in the aftermath of the Orange Revolution and the rerun of the fraudulent second round of the 2004 presidential election, Ukrainian newspapers lamented that only “little people” had been prosecuted for fraud on behalf of the incumbent-endorsed Viktor Yanukovych, while the organizers…”