Changes in severe thunderstorm environment frequency during the 21st century caused by anthropogenically enhanced global radiative forcing

By R. Trapp, N. Diffenbaugh, H. Brooks, M. Baldwin, E. Robinson, J. Pal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2007

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A trend analysis of normalized insured damage from natural disasters (2012, background): “…tempest storms, tornados, and lightning, deserve closer attention since these are likely to be particularly affected by future global warming (Trapp et al. 2007, 2009; Botzen et al. 2010) and there is some evidence that past climatic changes already affected severe thunderstorm activity in…”
Global climatology of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) and Convective Inhibition (CIN) in ERA-40 reanalysis (2009, methodology): “For the United States, these studies are supplemented by CAPE climatologies of present day and future scenarios simulations by several coupled atmosphere and ocean models (Trapp et al., 2007).”
Global warming presents new challenges for maize pest management (2008, background): “Similarly, the response of daily-scale events is likely to be non-uniform across space and time [4, 6, 7], with the greatest climate change impacts likely resulting from threshold-exceedances associated with changes in climate extremes [6].”