Group size, density and social dynamics in farm animals

By Inma Estevez, I. Andersen, Eric Nævdal. 2007

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The importance of social behaviour for goat welfare in livestock farming (2010, background): “However, living in a group can have costs, particularly, competition for food or access to other resources, which can lower the fitness of individuals (Estevez et al., 2007).”
Use of space in the domestic fowl: separating the effects of enclosure size, group size and density (2008, background): “7 birds/m, which is well below commercial standards of 15 to 20 birds/m (see for example Dawkins et al. 2004; Estevez 2007; Estevez et al. 2007).”
Resting pattern and social interactions in goats—The impact of size and organisation of lying space (2007, background): “INTRODUCTION Aggressive interactions among animals increase when resources become more limited in space (e.g. Milinski and Parker, 1991; Estevez et al., 2006) and for farm animals these resources may be feeding or drinking space, access to litter or straw, attractive resting places and the freedom t”
Clustering and synchrony in laying hens: The effect of environmental resources on social dynamics (2011, background): “, 2005), behaviour synchronicity and inter-individual spacing (Collins, 2008; Estevez et al., 2007).”