Sustainability issues in laser-based additive manufacturing
By R. Sreenivasan, A. Goel, D. Bourell. 2010
164 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Abstract Sustainability is a consideration of resource utilization without depletion or adverse environmental impact. In manufacturing, important sustainability issues include energy consumption, waste generation, water usage and the environmental impact of the manufactured part in service. This paper deals with three aspects of sustainability as it applies to additive manufacturing. First is a review of the research needs for energy and sustainability as applied to additive manufacturing based on the 2009 Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Workshop. The second part is an energy assessment for selective laser sintering (SLS) of polymers. Using polyamide powder in a 3D Systems Vanguard HiQ Sinterstation, energy loss during a build was measured due to the chamber heaters, the roller mechanism, the piston elevators and the laser. This accounted for 95% of the total energy consumption. An overall energy assessment was accomplished using eco-indicators. The last topic is electrochemical deposition of porous SLS non-polymeric preforms. The goal is to reduce energy consumption in SLS of non-polymeric materials. The approach was to mix a transient binder with the material, to create an SLS green part, to convert the binder, and then to remove the open, connected porosity and to densify the part by chemical deposition at room temperature within the pore network. The model system was silicon carbide powder mixed with a phenolic transient binder coupled with electrolytic deposition of nickel. Deposition was facilitated by inserting a conductive graphite cathode in the part center to draw the positive nickel ions through the interconnected porous network and to deposit them on the pore walls. The Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Workshop was sponsored by the National Science Foundation under Grant CMMI-0906212 and by the Office of Naval Research under Grant N00014-09-1-0558. The electrolytic deposition research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Grant CMMI-0926316.
Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Mechanical Engineering
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dce3d73bc51813acd7146294bce4cf4bcabb1191
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Citations in the corpus
- Additive manufacturing of steels: a review of achievements and challenges (2020, background): “Although the sustainability of AM is discussed controversially in the literature [8, 9], reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could potentially be achieved by producing complex-shaped steel parts through AM, which avoids significant emissions from conventional energy-inefficient production routes ”
- Decarbonising ceramic manufacturing: A techno-economic analysis of energy efficient sintering technologies in the functional materials sector (2019, background): “For metals and polymers, the sintering mechanism and energy consumption profile is well researched and documented [113,114].”
- Uncertainty quantification and management in additive manufacturing: current status, needs, and opportunities (2017, background): “Table 1 Commonly available models in AM Model Methods Inputs Outputs Energy [23, 55–60] Connect energy consumption with total area of sintering (TAS) [23, 55, 59, 60], which is a function of slice thickness and building orientation ⋅ Laser power ⋅ Beam diameter ⋅ Scan speed ⋅ Absorptivity of powder ”
- 3D printing: an emerging tool for novel microfluidics and lab-on-a-chip applications (2016, unknown): “The elimination of tooling, the ability to manufacture complex geometries, and the selective placement of material only where necessary contribute to an expansion in design freedom and an increase in process efficiency (Hopkinson et al. 2006; Pan et al. 2012b; Sreenivasan et al. 2010).”