Re-emergence of Chikungunya and O'nyong-nyong viruses: evidence for distinct geographical lineages and distant evolutionary relationships.

By A. Powers, A. Brault, R. Tesh, Scott Weaver. Journal of General Virology, 2000

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Zika Virus in Gabon (Central Africa) – 2007: A New Threat from Aedes albopictus? (2014, background): “Both viruses are phylogenetically closely related to African viruses [28–30] suggesting they probably originated in Africa, where they circulated in an enzootic sylvan cycle involving non-human primates and a wide variety of mosquito species, human outbreaks presumably being mediated by Ae.”
Changing patterns of chikungunya virus: re-emergence of a zoonotic arbovirus. (2007, background): “Additionally, paraphyletic grouping of the African sequences in phylogenetic trees corroborated historical evidence that CHIKV originated in Africa and subsequently was introduced into Asia (Powers et al., 2000; Fig.”
Present and Future Arboviral Threats (2009, background): “1950 or earlier, where epidemic transmission continued in India until 1973, and endemic/epidemic transmission continues in Southeast Asia (Powers et al., 2000).”
Two Chikungunya Isolates from the Outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) Exhibit Different Patterns of Infection in the Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (2007, background): “Phylogenetic analyses based on partial E1 sequences revealed the existence of three distinct phylogroups for CHIKV: one with the West African isolates, another including the Asian isolates and one regrouping the Eastern, Central and South African isolates [18].”