Factors affecting vigilance in springbok: importance of vegetative cover, location in herd, and herd size

By J. Burger, Carl Safina, M. Gochfeld. Acta Ethologica, 2000

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Hunting increases vigilance levels in roe deer and modifies feeding site selection (2008, unknown): “Contrasting patterns have been observed in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Lagory 1998) and springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis (Burger et al. 2000) populations subject to natural predation, where vigilance was higher in forest than in open environments.”
What is the magnitude of the group-size effect on vigilance? (2008, background): “Similarly, vigilance decreases with group size to different extent when predation risk is high or low but not always more extensively at the same level of risk (Frid 1997; Hunter and Skinner 1998; Burger et al. 2000; Childress and Lung 2003; Manor and Saltz 2003).”
Influence of immediate predation risk by lions on the vigilance of prey of different body size (2012, result): “In contrast to our predictions, and other results (Burger et al. 2000; Beauchamp 2010), distance to cover was positively associated with zebra vigilance (Figure 3), though the effect was comparatively small.”
Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna (2011, background): “High visibility is often correlated with lower levels of vigilance in many taxa, and foraging animals frequently increase their vigilance in patches where the view is obstructed (e.g. Burger et al., 2000; Whittingham et al., 2004).”