Distribution of Hydrogen in the Near Surface of Mars: Evidence for Subsurface Ice Deposits

By W. Boynton, W. Feldman, S. Squyres, T. Prettyman, J. Brückner, L. Evans, R. Reedy, R. Starr, J. Arnold, D. Drake and 15 more. Science, 2002

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The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) during MRO’s Primary Science Phase (PSP) (2010, methodology): “Tools useful for coregistration of MOLA elevations with HiRISE images are described by Kolb and Okubo (in press).”
Exploration of hydrothermal targets on Mars (2007, background): “Past and present water enrichment for parts of Mars is further supported by spectral (e.g., Christensen et al., 2001, Rieder et al., 2004, Herkenhoff et al., 2004, Bibring et al. 2006) and elemental (Boynton et al., 2002; Feldman et al., 2002) information.”
Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions (2007, background): “This question took on more significance recently when subsurface hydrogen (indicative of near surface ice) was mapped away from the residual caps by the Gamma Ray Spectrometer on MGS [Boynton et al., 2002;Mitrofanov et al., 2002].”
Hydration state of the Martian surface as seen by Mars Express OMEGA: 2. H2O content of the surface (2007, methodology): “…used to identify regions containing hydrated sulfates and phyllosilicates [Bibring et al., 2005; Gendrin et al., 2005; Langevin et al., 2005; Poulet et al., 2005], whereas the fundamental H2O bend near 6 mm has been observed and mapped by other workers using Mars Global Surveyor Thermal…”