Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents.

By F Lavasani, Jon D. Elhai, D. Connor, B. Frueh. Journal of Adolescent Health, 2010

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Constellations of Interpersonal Trauma and Symptoms in Child Welfare: Implications for a Developmental Trauma Framework (2014, background): “…that children exposed to multiple, interpersonal traumas were more likely to have problems with attention , hyperactivity and conduct (Ford et al. 2009) and were more likely to exhibit problem with delinquency, have several diagnoses and exhibit worse clinical outcomes overall (Ford et al. 2010).”
Positive Childhood Experiences (PCE): Cumulative Resiliency in the Face of Adverse Childhood Experiences (2020, background): “…demonstrated that childhood maltreatment is related to offending (Maxfield & Widom, 1996; Widom, 1989; Wilson et al., 2009), including among juvenile offenders (Trulson et al., 2016), and that poly-victimization increases the likelihood of both substance abuse and delinquency (Ford et al., 2010).”
Understanding interpersonal trauma in children: why we need a developmentally appropriate trauma diagnosis. (2012, background): “Studies documenting co-occurring disruption across multiple domains are subsequently reviewed.”