A clinical score to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery.

By C. Thakar, S. Arrigain, S. Worley, J. Yared, E. Paganini. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2004

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Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease: an integrated clinical syndrome. (2012, background): “In addition to low baseline eGFR, patients with CKD as assessed by proteinuria are at increased risk for AKI.”
Acute kidney injury associated with cardiac surgery. (2005, background): “A score is given on the basis of 13 preoperative factors and ranges from 0 to 17 (30) (Table 2).”
Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery: Focus on Modifiable Risk Factors (2009, neutral): “Redo surgery, n (%) 175 (7) 90 (11) 33 (14) 22 (18) 0.”
Urinary IL-18 is an early predictive biomarker of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. (2006, methodology): “Various clinical algorithms have been proposed for prediction of AKI, based on preoperative risk factors, but objective tests for the early diagnosis of lesser degrees of renal injury are not widely available.(5,10) AKI requiring dialysis also complicates up to 10% of cardiac surgical procedures in ”
KDOQI US commentary on the 2012 KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. (2013, background): “The 2 most significant risk factors for the development of AKI following cardiac surgery are cardiopulmonary bypass time and a history of CKD.(77,78) As a result, there has been considerable interest in the potential for off-pump bypass to decrease the risk of AKI.”