Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: Synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus

By Manal M. Hassan, L. Hwang, Chiq J. Hatten, M. Swaim, Donghui Li, J. Abbruzzese, P. Beasley, Y. Patt. Hepatology, 2002

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The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. (2006, background): “HCC in many parts of the world, with some evidence for a synergistic effect in the presence of HBV or HCV infection [6,7].”
Hepatocellular carcinoma: a review (2016, background): “to fourfold among persons drinking more than 60 g/d of ethanol.(28) A meta-analysis of 19 prospective studies showed”
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: An update (2011, neutral): “In one study, alcoholic liver disease accounted for 32% of all HCC’s.(87) In an Austrian cohort with HCC, alcoholic liver disease was the risk factor in 35% of subjects.”
Liver cirrhosis mortality in 187 countries between 1980 and 2010: a systematic analysis (2014, neutral): “A more detailed description of these methods can be found in the following selected references [26,30-35].”
Hepatitis C Guidance 2019 Update: AASLD-IDSA Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2019, background): “ Noninvasive tests to assess liver Disease Severity Liver-directed physical exam (normal in most patients) Routine blood tests (e.g., ALT, AST, albumin, bilirubin, INR, and CBC with platelet count) Serum fibrosis marker panels Transient elastography Liver imaging (e.g., ultrasound or computed tomogr”