Species co‐occurrence: the case of congeneric species and a causal approach to patterns of species association

By Spyros Sfenthourakis, E. Tzanatos, S. Giokas. 2006

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Co-occurrence is not evidence of ecological interactions. (2020, background): “First, the matrix-level approaches aim at determining the main drivers of species’ distribution for a given community based on the entire incidence matrix properties (Stone & Roberts, 1990; Gotelli & Ellison, 2002; Sfenthourakis et al., 2006; Cardillo & Meijaard, 2010; Arita et al., 2012; Ulrich & G”
A probabilistic model for analysing species co-occurrence (2013, background): “Sfenthourakis et al. (2006) also noted this potential outcome in their randomization procedure, but suggested that it is a bias against finding positive associations rather than a definitive demonstration of a truly random association.”
The pairwise approach to analysing species co‐occurrence (2014, methodology): “Further, species traits (or at least trait–environment interactions) can also be formally incorporated into the co-occurrence analysis (e.g. Sfenthourakis et al., 2006).”
cooccur: Probabilistic Species Co-Occurrence Analysis in R (2016, methodology): “Aspects of Gotelli’s “EcoSim” software are now available in “EcoSimR”, a downloadable suite of R scripts; however, much of the functionality currently remains in executable form or in related Fortran scripts (Ulrich 2008; Gotelli and Ellison 2013; Sfenthourakis et al. 2005).”