Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride hollow fiber membranes for ultrafiltration

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Progress in the production and modification of PVDF membranes (2011, methodology): “when ethanol is used either in bore liquid or in the coagulation bath or both [80].”
Current Trends and Future Developments on (Bio-) Membranes (2020, unknown): “This membrane is easily prepared using the phase inversion process, which leads the membrane to possess asymmetric porous structure (Khayet et al., 2002; Susanto and Ulbricht, 2009; Ulbricht, 2006; Xu and Qusay, 2004).”
Study on the thin film composite poly(piperazine-amide) nanofiltration membrane: Impacts of physicochemical properties of substrate on interfacial polymerization formation (2014, background): “the smaller the surface pore size the smoother the substrate surface and vice versa [16,19,21].”
Effect of temperature-dependent microstructure evolution on pore wetting in PTFE membranes under membrane distillation conditions (2013, methodology): “The LEP measurement guidelines have been described by Smolders and Franken [4] in detail and have been used by various researchers for both flat-sheet and hollow-fiber membranes [25,26].”