Pumping of liquids with traveling-wave electroosmosis

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Steric effects in the dynamics of electrolytes at large applied voltages. I. Double-layer charging. (2006, methodology): “A useful dimensionless parameter to quantify the effect of this surface layer is δ = ε/(λDCS), which has been employed recently in general studies of diffusecharge dynamics [6, 16], as well as in theoretical models [1, 5, 40, 58, 78, 92] and in the fitting of experimental data [57, 77] for induced-c”
Electroosmotic pumps and their applications in microfluidic systems (2009, background): “Net ACEO flows can be created using symmetric electrodes by applying a traveling-wave voltage to these electrodes (Cahill et al. 2004; Ramos et al. 2005; Garcia-Sanchez et al. 2006) or an AC voltage with a DC voltage offset (Wu 2008).”
Induced-charge electrokinetic phenomena (2003, background): “The fundamental physical process responsible for ‘induced-charge electro-osmosis’ thus unified ACEO and travelling-wave electro-osmosis (TWEO) [32, 33] over micro-electrode arrays (Fig.”
Towards an understanding of induced-charge electrokinetics at large applied voltages in concentrated solutions. (2009, methodology): “In recent TWEO experiments [162, 164], signatures of Faradaic reactions (including pH gradients from electrolysis) have been correlated with low-frequency flow reversal at high voltage and bulk electroconvection has been implicated [164] (see below).”