Birds and ants provide complementary seed dispersal in a neotropical savanna

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Leaf-cutting ants revisited: Towards rational management and control (2012, background): “defoliators in both natural habitats and cultivated crops. The high degree of polyphagy and adaptability of these LC ants enables them to attack a wide range of plant tissues and species, although they do not harvest all plant materials with the same intensity (Howard 1987; Howard et al. 1988; Farji”
Costs of dispersal (2012, background): “However, costs can be reduced, for instance due to escape from seed predators after burial, enhanced germination in nutrient-rich sites (Christianini & Oliveira, 2010; Vander Wall & Longland, 2004) or increased directedness towards suitable habitat (Schupp, Jordano & Gomez, 2010).”
Seed predators limit plant recruitment in Neotropical savannas (2011, unknown): “However, recent studies from this biome have observed seedlings in the refuse piles of primarily granivorous ant species, suggesting not all seeds are depredated (Christianini and Oliveira 2009, 2010).”