The DHS wealth index: Approaches for rural and urban areas

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Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries (2010, background): “The index has been criticized as being too urban in its construction and not able to distinguish the poorest of the poor from other poor households (Rutstein, 2008).”
Mapping poverty using mobile phone and satellite data (2017, background): “Poverty is a major determinant of adverse health outcomes including child mortality [2], and contributes to population growth [3], societal instability and conflict [4].”
Approaches and Alternatives to the Wealth Index to Measure Socioeconomic Status Using Survey Data: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis (2019, methodology): “In fact, the standard DHS approach to dealing with urban–rural issues is to regress both an urban-only sample and a rural-only sample against the complete sample to obtain a modified index influenced by all three factor loadings (Rutstein 2008).”