Optical generation and distribution of continuously tunable millimeter-wave signals using an optical phase modulator

By Guohua Qi, Jianping Yao, Joe Seregelyi, Stephane Paquet, Claude Belisle. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2005

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Characteristics and Explanations of Interference Fading of a $\phi $ -OTDR With a Multi-Frequency Source (2013, background): “The phase modulated optical field is expressed as [21], [22]”
A Narrow-Passband and Frequency-Tunable Microwave Photonic Filter Based on Phase-Modulation to Intensity-Modulation Conversion Using a Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating (2012, background): “Mathematically, the electrical field at the output of the phase modulator can be expressed as [20]”
Key Enabling Technologies for Optical–Wireless Networks: Optical Millimeter-Wave Generation, Wavelength Reuse, and Architecture (2007, methodology): “In addition to the intensity modulation, the external phase modulation [39], [40] is also utilized to produce downstream optical mm waves in optical–wireless networks.”
Investigation of Photonically Assisted Microwave Frequency Multiplication Based on External Modulation (2010, methodology): “The use of a phase modulator to achieve microwave frequency quadrupling has also been proposed [ 9 ].”
Microwave Photonics (2009, methodology): “The key advantage of using an optical phase modulator is that no dc bias is required, which eliminates the bias drifting problem [17].”