Topology optimization for braced frames: Combining continuum and beam/column elements

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Geometric constraints for shape and topology optimization in architectural design (2017, background): “Eventually, let us mention the works [15] and [61], where examples using topology optimization in the initial conceptual phase are presented and the importance of these techniques in obtaining knowledge about the structural behaviour of optimized systems is highlighted.”
Topology Optimization for Additive Manufacturing (2016, background): “As pointed out by Xia et al. (2010) the levelset approach provides a shortcut to a cavity constraint, since no internal holes will be nucleated unless explicitly initiated through topological derivatives, thus effectively providing the constraint for free, given an appropriate initial guess.”
Structural optimization using graphic statics (2014, background): “The density methods often result in solutions with wide principal members that have flexural stiffness, which is generally not achievable in large scale structures (Stromberg et al. 2012).”