Displacement Due to Violence in Colombia: A Household‐Level Analysis

By S. Engel, A. Ibáñez. Economic development and cultural change, 2007

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Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries: Lessons from the Literature (2021, background): “…guerrillas in rural areas (assassinations) led to migration to cities, the response to economic variables was significantly larger than the response to violence variables.15 Studying the migration response to violence in Colombia, Engel and Ibáñez (2007) find that violence accelerated urbanization.”
The Economics of Forced Migration (2013, background): “See Cortes (2004), Czaika and Kis-Katos (2009), Engel and Ibañez (2007) and Stark (2004) for this discussion.”
Consequences of forced migration: A survey of recent findings (2019, background): “Surely, migration in times of civil wars is not voluntary, but to the extent that not all individuals in localities affected by a civil war do migrate, some papers explicitly model migration as a choice in the face of perceived threats (e.g. Engel and Ibañez, 2007; Ibañez and Velez, 2008).”
Poverty and Violent Conflict: A Micro-Level Perspective on the Causes and Duration of Warfare (2009, unknown): “Displaced populations often struggle to find work (Engel and Ibáñez 2007; Ibáñez and Moya 2006), are less likely to work in the post-conflict period (Kondylis 2007) and exhibit lower productivity levels than those that stayed behind (Kondylis 2005).”