Electronically controllable microvalves based on smart hydrogels: magnitudes and potential applications

By Andreas Richter, D. Kuckling, S. Howitz, Thomas F. J. Gehring, K. Arndt. 2003

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Microfluidics: Fluid physics at the nanoliter scale (2005, methodology): “Microfluidic valves have been fabricated from thermoresponsive hydrogels Peters et al., 1997; Harmon et al., 2003; Luo et al., 2003; Richter et al., 2003; Selvaganapathy et al., 2003; Yu et al., 2003 , and are typically Rev. Mod.”
Hydrogel-based devices for biomedical applications (2010, background): “ossible stimuli found in the literature are temperature [93], pH 94,95] and glucose [95,96].”
Review on Hydrogel-based pH Sensors and Microsensors (2008, methodology): “the Hydrogel Valve of the company GeSiM, Germany [ 17 ,30].”
Chemical and pH sensors based on the swelling behavior of hydrogels (2005, background): “The sensitivity of hydrogels to a large number of physial factors like temperature [1], electrical voltage [2,3], pH 4–11], concentration of organic compounds in water [12], nd salt concentration [13,14] make them promising maerials for a broad range of applications as microsensors 7–11,14] and micr”