The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behavior problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs

By E. Blackwell, C. Twells, A. Seawright, R. Casey. 2008

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Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog–owner relationship (2014, methodology): “Concerning pet dogs, owners reported via questionnaires that aversive stimuli was related to behavioral problems such as aggressiveness or stereotypies (Hiby et al., 2004; Eskeland, 2007; Eskeland et al., 2007; Blackwell et al., 2008; Herron et al., 2009) and could lead to a decrease in obedience (H”
The Emotional Lives of Companion Animals: Attachment and Subjective Claims by Owners of Cats and Dogs (2016, background): “Additionally, owners are the primary source of information regarding companion-animal behavior problems (Bennett and Rohlf 2007; Blackwell et al. 2008; Arhant et al. 2010), and are able to identify overt behavioral indicators of stress (e.g., trembling, crying, or excessive barking), indicative of…”
Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review (2016, background): “Studies (Hiby et al., 2004; Blackwell et al., 2008 Rooney and Cowan, 2011), strongly suggest that punishment-based methods may increase levels of fear and anxiety, and potentially lead to sensitisation to other environmental stimuli.”
The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs—A review (2017, background): “Using a combination of positive reinforcement and positive punishment was related to the highest aggression scores (Blackwell et al., 2008).”