Flux enhancement in membrane distillation by fabrication of dual layer hydrophilic–hydrophobic hollow fiber membranes

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Novel thin film composite membrane fabricated by mixed matrix nanoclay/chitosan on PVDF microfiltration support: Preparation, characterization and performance in dye removal (2013, background): “Improvement of gas barrier properties, water permeability, flux enhancement, mechanical strength, dye and toxic materials removal and selectivity of the resultant nanocomposite membranes are promising results of nanoclay insertion [29–41].”
Recent progress of membrane distillation using electrospun nanofibrous membrane (2014, background): “But recent progress in materials preparation and synthesis has resulted in comparable permeate fluxes of hollow fiber membranes with those of flat-sheet membranes [64].”
Identification of material and physical features of membrane distillation membranes for high performance desalination (2010, background): “Assuming no heat loss through module walls, the total heat flux can be expressed as [15, 16]:”
Performance improvement of PVDF hollow fiber-based membrane distillation process (2011, positive): “To improve the applicability of these membranes for the MD processes, there are two approaches to minimize wetting; one is a finely porous hydrophobic coating which helps to minimize the pores size while maintaining suitable porosity [9-11]; the other is to apply a dense hydrophilic coating which ca”