Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity – A Comprehensive Review
By D. Mozaffarian. Circulation, 2016
1,890 citations recorded by the source corpus.
Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of poor health. Nutrition and policy science have advanced rapidly, creating confusion yet also providing powerful opportunities to reduce the adverse health and economic impacts of poor diets. This review considers the history, new evidence, controversies, and corresponding lessons for modern dietary and policy priorities for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Major identified themes include the importance of evaluating the full diversity of diet-related risk pathways, not only blood lipids or obesity; focusing on foods and overall diet patterns, rather than single isolated nutrients; recognizing the complex influences of different foods on long-term weight regulation, rather than simply counting calories; and characterizing and implementing evidence-based strategies, including policy approaches, for lifestyle change. Evidence-informed dietary priorities include increased fruits, nonstarchy vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains; and fewer red meats, processed (eg, sodium-preserved) meats, and foods rich in refined grains, starch, added sugars, salt, and trans fat. More investigation is needed on the cardiometabolic effects of phenolics, dairy fat, probiotics, fermentation, coffee, tea, cocoa, eggs, specific vegetable and tropical oils, vitamin D, individual fatty acids, and diet-microbiome interactions. Little evidence to date supports the cardiometabolic relevance of other popular priorities: eg, local, organic, grass-fed, farmed/wild, or non–genetically modified. Evidence-based personalized nutrition appears to depend more on nongenetic characteristics (eg, physical activity, abdominal adiposity, gender, socioeconomic status, culture) than genetic factors. Food choices must be strongly supported by clinical behavior change efforts, health systems reforms, novel technologies, and robust policy strategies targeting economic incentives, schools and workplaces, neighborhood environments, and the food system. Scientific advances provide crucial new insights on optimal targets and best practices to reduce the burdens of diet-related cardiometabolic diseases.
Subfields: Physiology, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d6fe9003823ab476a2f6993fc7f4ed6da3ae9e78
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Citations in the corpus
- Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States (2017, methodology): “To determine the extent to which the estimated multivariable-adjusted effect sizes might be biased because of these limitations, 3 separate validity analyses were performed comparing the estimated effect sizes for individual dietary components to (1) observed associations of overall dietary patterns”
- Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease (2016, neutral): “2 healthy lifestyle factors 3162 (40) 7,385 (35) 10,234 (46) 1598 (38)”
- 5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019 (2018, positive): “Risks associated with alcohol consumption include hypoglycemia (particularly for those using insulin or insulin secretagogue therapies), weight gain, and hyperglycemia (for those consuming excessive amounts) (35,126).”